Piltdown Man
A well known doctor and also an amateur paleonthropologist Charles Dawson 
came out with the assertion that he found a jaw bone and a cranial fragment 
in a pit in Piltdown, England in 1912. Despite the jaw bone was more of an 
ape, the teeth and the skull were looking like a man's. These specimens were 
designated after as "Piltdown man", determined to be dating back to 500 
thousand years and displayed as an absolute proof for the evolution of man 
in several museums. For more than 40 years, many scientific articles were 
written on it, many interpretations and drawings were made and it was 
presented as an important evidence for the evolution of man.

Famous American paleoanthropologist H.F.Osborn said; We have to be reminded over and over again that Nature is full of paradoxes and that the order of the universe is not the human order, while he was visiting the British 
Museum in 1921.[1]    In 1949, Kenneth Oakley from British Museum's 
paleontology department attempted to try the method of "fluorine test", a 
new test used for determining the date of some old fossils. A trial was made 
on the Piltdown man's fossil. The result was astounding. During the test, it 
was realized that the jaw bone of Piltdown man did not contain any flour. 
This indicated that the jaw bone was buried no more than a few years. The 
skull which contained only a small amount of fluorine showed that it was 
only a few thousand years old.

The latest chronological researches made with the fluorine method revealed 
that the skull was only a few thousand years old. It was manifested that the 
teeth in the jaw bone belonging to an orangutan were worn out artificially, 
and the primitive tools found next to the fossils were simple imitations 
sharpened by steel devices.[2]   In the detailed analysis completed by Kenneth Oakley, William Le Gros Clark and J.S.Weiner; this forgery was definitely made public in 1953. The skull belonged to a 500 year old man, and the mandibular bone belonged to an ape recently died. The teeth were thereafter 
specially arranged in an array and added to the jaw and the joints were 
filled in order to resemble it to that of a man's. Then all these pieces 
were stained with potassiumdichromate for a dated appearance. These stains 
were disappearing when dipped in acid. Le Gros Clark who was in the team 
that disclosed the forgery, could not hide his astonishment against this 
situation:

The evidences of artificial abrasion immediately sprang to the eye. Indeed 
so obvious did they seem it may well be asked - how was it that they had 
escaped notice before? [3]

Nebraska Man
In 1922, Henry Fairfield Osborn the manager of American Museum of Natural 
History, declared that he found a fossil molar tooth in West Nebraska near 
Snake Brook belonging to Pliocene Period. This tooth was allegedly carrying 
the common characteristics of both a man and an ape. Very deep scientific 
arguments started and some people interpreted this tooth as Pithecanthropus 
erectus, and some others claimed it was closer to human beings. This fossil 
that became a matter of argument, was called the "Nebraska man". Its 
"scientific Latin name" was also given right away: "Hesperopithecus 
Haroldcook II".

Many authorities gave support to Osborn. Based on this one tooth, the 
reconstruction pictures of Nebraska man's head and body were drawn. 
Moreover, Nebraska man was even pictured along with his wife and children, 
as a whole family in a natural setting.

All of these scenarios were developed just from one tooth. Evolutionist 
circles endorsed this "ghost man" to such an extent that when a researcher 
named William Bryan opposed to these biased decisions given by relying on a 
single tooth, he was harshly criticized.

Yet, in 1927 the other parts of the skeleton were also found. This tooth 
belonged neither to a man nor an ape. It was realized that this tooth 
belonged to an extinct and wild American pig species named Prosthennops. 
William Gregory entitled his article published in the Science magazine where 
he announced this error as: "Hesperopithecus Apparently Not An Ape Nor A 
Men".[4]

Then all the drawings of Hesperopithecus haroldcook II and his family were 
removed immediately from the evolutionary literature with haste.

Ramapithecus
Ramapithecus is known to be the biggest and longest lasting fallacies of the 
theory of evolution. This name was given to the fossil records found in 
India in 1932 which allegedly were the first stage of the split between the 
man and the ape that occurred 14 million years ago. It was used as a solid 
evidence by the evolutionists for 50-years, from the day it was found in 
1932, to the day it was revealed to be a total mistake in 1982.

The importance of Ramapithecus in human evolution was expressed in Simon's article in Time Magazine dated November 1977. He stated: "Ramapithecus 
structured to be an ancestor of man. If he isn't, we don't have any clue." [5]

Also in Turkey, the book named Modern Biology published by Ministry of 
Education in 1979 written by Sevinç Karol and her associates, vigorously 
accepted the idea of Ramapithecus: It was stated without doubt that "the 
oldest known ancestor of humans was Ramapithecus (tailless ape) which was 
identified from the jaw and teeth fossils found in Africa and India."
However, if these people had read the article of Robert Eckhardt published 
in Scientific American in 1972, they would surely not speak with such 
self-confidence. Eckhardt made 24 different measurements on the teeth of 
Ramapithecus and Dryopithecus (an extinct gorilla species).  He then compared these measurements with those he had made on the chimpanzees. According to these comparisons, the difference between the measurements of the teeth of the living chimpanzees was bigger than the difference between Ramapithecus and Dryopithecus. Eckhardt summarizes the outcome of his studies as follows:

Amid the bewildering array of early fossil hominoids, is there one whose 
morphology marks it man's ancestor? If the factor of genetic variability is 
considered, the answer appears to be no. [6]

Piltdown man, Nebraska man and fossils such as Ramapithecus are clear 
evidences indicating that evolutionists do not hesitate to make forgeries or 
apparently distort the truth in order to prove their own theories. When we 
look at the other so-called evidences of the legend of "the evolution of 
man" in the light of these facts, we face a similar situation: There exists 
a story that is completely unreal and an army of volunteers who would do 
anything to support this hoax.

The 'False Evidences' Proposed on the Evolution of Man
According to the evolution theory, the men and the contemporary apes had 
common ancestors. These primitive living beings having evolved in time, some 
transformed to the apes of our days, and another group following a different 
branch of evolution formed the humans of our days.

The first -the so called - common ancestors of men and apes are named as 
"Australopithecus" which means "South African apes". Australopithecus, truly an extinct ancient ape species, has various types. Some of them are 
well-built, and some other are weak and have smaller bodies.

The evolutionists name the next stage of human evolution as "homo", that is 
man. According to the evolutionist claim, the living beings in the homo 
serial are more developed than Australopithecus, and not very much different 
than man of our days. And the modern man of our days has formed in the last 
stage of the evolution.

In fact, Australopithecus were the extinct apes, and the living things in 
the homo series were human beings of extinct races who lived in the ancient 
period. The evolutionists have put various ape and man fossils respectively 
in order to compose a scheme of "human evolution". However the scientific 
facts indicate that these fossils do not verily testify any evolutional 
process and some of these living beings whom were referred as the human 
ancestors were real apes, while some were human beings.

Now, we can have a closer look at the Austrolopithecus, which forms the 
first step of the imaginary human evolution scheme.

Australopithecus: The Real Apes
The evolutionists claim that Australopithecus are the primitive ancestors of 
modern man of our days. Australopithecus is an ancient type whose facial and 
cranial characteristics resemble to today's apes, just with smaller cranial 
volume. However according to the assertion of the evolutionists there is an 
important characteristic making these creatures the ancestors of man: 
bipedality.

The movement of apes and men are totally different. The man is the only 
creature moving with two feet in the true sense, although some animals have 
limited motion on two feet. For instance, apes and bears, sometimes, walk on 
two feet for a short time (for example, when they are trying to reach food).

According to the evolutionists these primitive creatures called 
Australopithecus did walk on two feet stooping every time; they were 
bipedals. However they were not able to walk straight up on their two feet, 
but only walk stooping. Thus, even this limited bipedal walking made the 
evolutionists sustain that these creatures were the ancestors of men.

However the first evidence refuting the claim of the evolutionists that 
Australopithecus were bipedal was again from the evolutionist researchers. 
The detailed exploration on the Australopithecus fossils yielded that they 
resembled to apes more than any other thing which even accepted by the 
evolutionists. In the mid 1970's, the evolutionist scientist Charles E. 
Oxnard who made explicit anatomical examinations on Australopithecus fossils reported a close relation between the skeletons of Australopithecus and that 
of orangutan of our days.

An important part of today's conventional wisdom about human evolution is 
based on studies of teeth, jaws and skull fragments of australopithecine 
fossils. These all indicate that the close relation of australopithecine to 
the human lineage may not be true. All these fossils are both different than 
gorillas, chimpanzees and men. Studying as a group, australopithecine seems 
more like to orang-utan.[7]

However it was real embarrassing for the evolutionists to find out that 
Australopithecus could not walk stooping and on two foots, as it was 
claimed. The Australopithecus, claimed to have bipedal locomotion while 
stooping, then would require too much energy and such structure would not be 
beneficial for him. Robin Crompton, the computer specialist has demonstrated 
that this kind of a "compound" walking style is not possible in the studies 
he made in 1996. Crompton reached to the following conclusion: A living 
being can either walk fully upright or fully on its four feet. A walking 
style in the midst is not possible because of high energy consumption. 
Therefore, Australopithecus can not be a half-bipedal animal as opposed to 
the claims of the evolutionists.

The most important study demonstrating that Australopithecus were not 
bipedals were made by Fred Spoor who is an anatomist in Liverpool 
University, Human Anatomy and Cell Biology Department in England and his 
team of researchers making bipedalism studies on fossils in 1994. With the 
new technique they used in their researches, the team examined the 
involuntary-balancing mechanism in the ear cochlea of the fossils. Their 
findings ended the claims that Australopithecus were man-like.

The Real Man Fossils
The last step of the imaginary evolution of man scenerio is the "homo"s and 
that is the man series. The living beings in this serial are the men not 
very much different than the contemporary man, but who only have some 
racial differences. By exaggerating these differences, the evolutionists interpret the fore-mentioned man as a distinct species, but not as a race of the man of our days. However as we will study closer in the following pages, all of 
the men in the homo series are in fact the individuals of ordinary human 
races.

According to the theoretical evolutionist scheme, the imaginary evolution of 
homo species within itself is as follows: First homo erectus, then archaic 
homo Sapiens, and then Neanderthal man, afterwards Cro-Magnon man, and last the man of our days existed.

All of the species studied as Homo species are in fact, although claimed the 
reverse by the evolutionists, are real men. First, we can have a look at 
Homo erectus which was assumed as the most primitive species by the 
evolutionists.

The most impressing evidence indicating that homo erectus is not a primitive 
species, is the oldest homo erectus remaining; "Turkana Boy". It is assumed 
that this fossil named as Turkana Boy is about 12 years old, and he would be 
1.83 meters when he became an adult. The straight up structure of the fossil 
is not anyhow different than the man of our days! The long and tall building 
of his skeleton totally complies with the skeleton of men living in the 
tropical regions currently. This fossil is the greatest evidence indicating 
that homo erectus is a species of the men of our days. Richard Leakey makes 
a comparison with homo erectus and the modern man as below:

One would also see differences in the shape of the skull, in the degree of 
protrusion of the face, the robustness of the brows and so on. These 
differences are probably no more pronounced than we see today between the 
separate geographical races of modern humans. Such biological variation 
arises when populations are geographically separated from each other for 
significant lengths of time.[8]

Thus, Leakey says that the difference between Homo erectus and us is not 
more than the difference between the black people and the Eskimos. The 
cranial characteristics of homo erectus have formed as a result of their 
eating habits, genetic immigration and not getting integrated with the other 
human races for a while.

Another evidence indicating that homo erectus was not a "primitive" species 
is that these fossils were also 27.000, and even 13.000 years old. According 
to an article published in Time magazine-which is, in fact, not that 
scientific, homo erectus fossils of 27.000 years old were found in the Java 
island. Also in the Kow swamp in Australia some fossils of 13.000 years old 
with homo sapiens-homo erectus characteristics were found. All these fossils 
indicate that homo erectus lived in a very recent history and they were the 
members of the men of our days who were not able to survive till now and 
have been buried in the human history.

Archaic Homo Sapiens and Neanderthal Man
Archaic homo sapiens is the last step before contemporary man in the 
imaginary evolutional scheme. In fact, there is not much thing to say about 
these men by the evolutionists because they differ from the men of our days 
with slight variations. Even some researchers tell that the representatives 
of this species are still living, pointing at the Aborigines in Australia. 
The Aborigines have thick projective parts on the skull, their jaws are 
inclined inwards, and has a slightly smaller cranial volume. Moreover, there 
are serious findings indicating that they may have lived in Hungary and some 
of the villages in Italy in very recent history.

The evolutionists point out the human fossil called Neanderthal man, found 
in the Neander valley in Netherlands, as the most important example for 
archaic homo sapiens. Many researchers in our days define Neanderthal man as a lower species of the modern man and call as "homo sapiens 
neandertalensis". It is certainly for sure that this race lived together 
with the modern man in the same region at the same time. The findings 
testify that Neanderthals buried the deads, made up musical instruments, and 
shared the same culture with the homo sapiens sapiens living at the same 
period with them. The evidently modern skulls and skeletons of Neanderthals 
can lead to no speculations. Erik Trinkaus, a respectable authority in this 
area, states:

Detailed comparisons of Neanderthal skeletal remains with those of modern 
humans have shown that there is nothing in Neanderthal anatomy that 
conclusively indicates locomotor, manipulative, intellectual, or linguistic 
abilities inferior to those of modern humans.[9]

Additionally Neanderthals have some superiority in comparison to the 
contemporary man. The cranial volume of Neanderthals is bigger than the 
modern men's, and their bodies are stronger, and more well-built, have 
stronger muscles. Trinkaus continues as below:

One of the most characteristic features of the Neanderthals is the 
exaggerated massiveness of their trunk and limb bones. All of the preserved 
bones suggest a strength seldom attained by modern humans. Furthermore, not only is this robustness present among the adult males, as one might expect, 
but it is also evident in the adult females, adolescents, and even 
children.[10]

Briefly, Neanderthals are authentic human species assimilated in time.

Notes
1. Stephen Jay Gould, "Smith Woodward's Folly", New Scientist, 
    5 April 1979, p. 44.

2. "Piltdown", Meydan Larousse, Vol. 10, p. 133.

3. Jay Stephen Gould, "Smith Woodwards Folly", New Scientist,
    5 April 1979, p. 44.

4. W. K. Gregory, "Hesperopithecus Apparently Not An Ape Nor A Men", 
    Science, Vol. 66, December 1927, p. 579.

5. Elwyn Simons, "Puzzling Out Men's Ascent", Time, 7 November 1977, 
    Vol. 110, p. 51.

6. Robert Ackhardt, "Population Genetics and Human Origins", Scientific 
   American, Vol. 226, 1972, p. 94.

7. Charles E. Oxnard, "The Place of Australopithecines in Human Evolution: 
    Grounds for Doubt", Nature, Vol. 258, p. 389.

8. Richard Leakey, The Making of Mankind, London, Sphere Books, 1981, 
    p. 116.

9. Erik Trinkaus, "Hard Times Among the Neanderthals", Natural History,
    No 87, December 1978, p. 10; R. L. Holloway, "The Neanderthal Brain:
    What Was Primitive", American Journal of Physical Anthrolopology,
    Supplement, No 12, 1991, p. 94.

10. H. Valladas, J. L. Reyss, J. L. Joron, G. Valladas, O. Bar Yosef, 
     B. Vandermesch, "Thermoluminescence Dating of Mousterian
     Proto-Cro-Magnon Remains From Israel and the Origin of Modern Man",
     Nature, No 331, February 18 1988, pp. 614-616

INDEX

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